Chemical Properties
Choline is available in various forms namely, choline bitartrate, choline citrate,choline chloride and others.
Choline Bitartrate (L(+) choline bitartrate) is a colorless or white crystal powder, which is a water-soluble part of the B Vitamin family.
The body needs B vitamins to manufacture neurotransmitters, chemicals that control alertness and mood by speeding nerve signals through the brain.
As B vitamins are water soluble, they are excreted in the urine and can be quickly depleted from the body. Only a small amount is stored in the body. Because of this, it is important that we take supplements to replenish these important vitamins in our body.
Choline bitartrate is an essential nutrient needed by the nervous system to produce acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that facilitates the transmission of impulses between neurons.
Background
Choline, a quaternary ammonium compound, is similar to the B vitamins. It can be made in the liver and found in foods such as liver, muscle meats, fish, nuts, beans, peas, spinach, wheat germ, and eggs. Choline is required to make essential membrane phospholipids. It is an important source of labile methyl groups and a precursor for the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which is released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells. Choline is an essential nutrient for humans when excess methionine and folate are not available in the diet. It is used to treat liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. It is also used to treat depression, memory loss, Alzheimer-type dementias, Huntington's chorea, Tourette's disease, a brain disorder called cerebellar ataxia, certain types of seizures, and a mental condition called schizophrenia. Athletes use choline for bodybuilding and delaying fatigue in endurance sports. Choline is taken by pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects in their babies and is used as a supplement in infant formulas. Other uses include preventing cancer, lowering cholesterol, and controlling asthma. Choline is often linked together with tartaric acid (also known as bitrate) in many brain vitamin supplement formulas to improve its absorption rate into the body’s nervous system and eventually into the brain. A binding of these two brain vitamins together helps to synthesize compounds that are essential for the optimal health of membranes and nerve endings found in cells in the body.
natural source
natural source of Choline bitartrate: Egg yolk, peanuts, wheat germ, organ meats and legumes.
Health Benefits
Health Benefits of Choline Bitartrate:
Being a product of vitamin, it can be applied to medicine, healthcare product and food.
Choline Bitartrate is a nutritious additive and fat remover, enhance fatty metabolism and eliminate the accumulation of fat in liver.
Influence muscle contractions, movement, coordination and enhance memory.
Involved in higher level brain functions like memory, thought and intellect.
Is vital to the structural integrity of cell walls, the production of amino acids and proteins and the metabolism of fats.
Aid in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease, manic depression and improve the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease.
Recommended Choline Bitartrate dosage is 500 mg to 3000 mg per day.
Uses
Choline is available as a dietary supplement such as choline chloride or choline bitartrate and lecithin, which usually contains approximately 25 percent phosphatidylcholine or 3 to 4 percent choline by weight. Choline bitartrate and choline chloride are GRAS for use as a nutrient/dietary supplement in animal feed (21 CFR 582.5250, 21 CFR 582.5252). Water-soluble choline salts choline chloride and choline bitartrate are very easily added to virtually any processed food or feed product, liquid, tablet or capsule. They have a long history of safe use and a minimal environmental impact in manufacture and use. Choline chloride could be used as a medicine, dietary supplement, or nutrient. Choline chloride and choline bitartrate deliver a greater bioavailable cation content (74 and 40%, respectively) than do naturally‐occuring forms (e.g. phosphatidylcholine, soybean meal, etc.), and they exhibit excellent stability and high bioavailability in virtually all applications.
Side effects
Choline Bitartrate may be a useful dietary supplement for individuals wishing to increase their daily choline intake.
Choline and Phosphatidylcholine are well tolerated and extremely non-toxic.
Phosphatidylcholine supplementation can worsen depression in some cases.
At higher dosages, Phosphatidylcholine may cause reduced appetite, nausea, abdominal bloating, gastrointestinal pain, and diarrhea. Choline at high dosages (i.e. 20 gms) produces a fish odor.
Choline bitartrate and Choline chloride are also generally recognized as safe forms of Choline supplementation.
Choline is generally regarded as safe and appears to be well-tolerated. High intake of choline may cause low blood pressure, steatorrhea (undigested fat in stool), nausea, vomiting, salivation, diarrhea, constipation, anorexia, dizziness (vertigo), sweating, incomnia and headache. Choline can possibly trigger existing epilepsy. Dosages at the upper limit (UL) intake levels are contraindicated for person suffering from trimethylaminuria, Parkinson's disease, or kidney or liver disease.
References
[1] http://www.brain-smart.net/brain-vitamins-101-what-is-choline-bitartrate/#axzz4eEBgGnNP
[2] S. H. Zeisel, K. A. Da Costa, P. D. Franklin, E. A. Alexander, J. T. Lamont, N. F. Sheard, A. Beiser (1991) Choline, an essential nutrient for humans, 5, 2093-2098
Description
Choline bitartrate is a small molecular weight quaternary amine salt that readily dissociates in water. The benefit of choline salts is the rapid dissolution and availability in the body as free choline as opposed to bound forms, which need to go through several enzymatic steps before the availability of free choline. Choline bitartrate is used in many products, from infant formula to dietary supplements and fortified foods. It dissolves rapidly in the digestive system, providing the free choline needed to meet choline demands.
Chemical Properties
White cryst. powder
Biological Functions
Choline Bitartrate is used by nerve cells to manufacture a chemical called acetylcholine, which effectively allows cells to communicate with each other. Choline is also heavily associated with neurological function and can help improve movement, coordination, and myofibril contraction.
General Description
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Acyl group acceptor
Synthesis
Hydrocholecalciferol tartrate can be refined from a highly concentrated aqueous solution of ethylene oxide, which acts with trimethylamine at room temperature to obtain choline, causing it to be dissolved in methanol, neutralized by the addition of tartaric acid according to the molar value, and then concentrated, dried, and recrystallized from acetone.
