METFORMIN

Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) glycinate inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin glycinate also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin glycinate regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo[1][2][3][4][5][6][7].

[1] Soraya H, et al. Acute treatment with metformin improves cardiac function following isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Pharmacol Rep. 2012;64(6):1476-84. DOI:10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70945-3
[2] Quaile MP, et al. Toxicity and toxicokinetics of metformin in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Mar 15;243(3):340-7. DOI:10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.026
[3] Xue J, et al. Metformin inhibits growth of eutopic stromal cells from adenomyotic endometrium via AMPK activation and subsequent inhibition of AKT phosphorylation: a possible role in the treatment of adenomyosis. Reproduction. 2013 Aug 21;146(4):397-406. DOI:10.1530/REP-13-0135
[4] Otto M, et al. Metformin inhibits glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis in cultured rat hepatocytes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2003 May;5(3):189-94. DOI:10.1046/j.1463-1326.2003.00263.x
[5] Avci CB, et al. Therapeutic potential of an anti-diabetic drug, metformin: alteration of miRNA expression in prostate cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(2):765-8. DOI:10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.2.765
[6] Abdel-Zaher AO, et al. Novel mechanistic insights of the potential role of gasotransmitters and autophagy in the protective effect of metformin against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025 Feb 6. DOI:10.1007/s00210-025-03837-1
[7] Liu J, et al. Metformin inhibits renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo xenograft. Urol Oncol. 2013 Feb;31(2):264-70. DOI:10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.01.003