L-Glutamine, L-α-glutamyl-L-glutaminyl-L-lysyl-L-glutaminyl-L-leucyl-

Intrathecal administration of Nocistatin (10 pg-1 μg) nociceptin or orphanin FQ (Noc/OFQ) induces pain responses including allodynia and hyperalgesia. Simultaneous administration of Nocistatin blocks the allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by Noc/OFQ^[2].
Nocistatin also attenuates the allodynia and hyperalgesia evoked by prostaglandin E2 and the inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by formalin or carrageenan/kaolin, and reversed the Noc/OFQ-induced inhibition of morphine analgesia at picogram doses^[2].
Nocistatin counteracted the impairment of learning and memory induced by Noc/OFQ or scopolamine. Nocistatin is widely present in the spinal cord and brain. Although Nocistatin does not bind to the Noc/OFQ receptor, it binds to the membrane of mouse brain and spinal cord with a high affinity^[2].