How toxic is molybdenum to humans?

Molybdenum is an essential trace element for the human body; it participates in the activity of various enzymes and helps maintain normal metabolic functions. In its metallic form and as common stable compounds, it typically exhibits low acute toxicity. Under conditions of general environmental exposure and typical dietary intake, molybdenum rarely causes poisoning in healthy individuals, as the human body is capable of metabolizing and excreting excess molybdenum via the kidneys. However, prolonged or high-concentration inhalation of molybdenum dust or fumes in occupational settings—or the excessive ingestion of soluble molybdate compounds—may trigger adverse effects such as gastrointestinal irritation, joint pain, anemia, and abnormal blood lipid levels. In severe cases, it may even impair liver and kidney function or interfere with copper metabolism.

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